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pecking order
Pecking order or peck order is the colloquial term for a hierarchical system of social organization. It was first described by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921 under the German terms ''Hackordnung'' or ''Hackliste'' and introduced into English in 1927.〔Perrin, P.G., (1955). Pecking order 1927-54. American Speech, 30(4): 265-268〕
The original use of ''pecking order'' referred to the expression of dominance in chickens. Dominance in chickens is asserted by various behaviours, including pecking, which was used by Schjelderup-Ebbe as a measure of dominance and leadership order. In his 1924 German-language article, he noted that "defense and aggression in the hen is accomplished with the beak".〔Schjelderup-Ebbe, 1975 p. 36 cited in Rajecki, D.W. (1988)〕 This emphasis on pecking led many subsequent studies on fowl behaviour to use it as a primary observation, however, it has been noted that roosters tend to leap and use their claws in conflicts.〔Rajecki, D.W. (1988). Formation of leap orders in pairs of male domestic chickens. Aggressive Behavior, 14(6): 425-436〕
The term ''dominance hierarchy'' is often used for this type of social organisation in other animals.
Pecking order is a basic concept in social stratification and social hierarchy that has its counterparts in other animal species, including humans, although the term "pecking order" is often used synonymously.
== Biological theories ==
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